Family Springs Glossary

Bicarbonate: Carbon and hydrogen carbonate salts can be prepared by the reaction of carbon dioxide with metal oxides and metal hydroxides, respectively. Participates in the transport of carbon dioxide and in the regulation of pH. Phosphate also has a buffering effect on the pH of the blood and is vital for chemical reactions of cells for the metabolism of calcium.

Electrolyte: In chemistry and physics, substance that conducts electric current as a result of a dissociation into positively and negatively charged particles called ions, which migrate toward and ordinarily are discharged at the negative and positive terminals (cathode and anode) of an electric circuit, respectively. The most familiar electrolytes are acids, bases and salts, which ionize when dissolved in suchsolbents as water or alcohol. Many salts, such as sodium chloride, behave as electrolytes when melted in the absence of any solvent, and some, such as silver iodide are electrolytes even in the solid state. – Britannica

Hormones:

• Insulin – secreted by the beta (B) cells of the pancreas.
• Glucagon – produced by pancreatic alpha (A) in response to a drop in plasma glucose concentration.
• Somatostatin – peptide secreted by the delta (D) cells in response to eating.
• Serotonin – secretes histamine and kinins, which have important messenger function in glandular and on blood vessels.
• Cholecystokinin – peptide secreted by the (1) cells in response to the emptying of the stomach into the duodenum.
• Gastric Inhibitory Peptide – secreted by the (K) cells, gastric inhibitory peptide.
• Intestinal Glucagon – secreted by (L) cells
• Motilin – A high level in the blood stimulates the contraction of the fundus and antrum and accelerates gastric emptying. It contracts the gallbladder and increases the squeeze pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter, secreted between meals.
• Nerotensin – secreted by (N) cells of the ileum.
• Pancreatic Polypeptide – special endocrine cells, (PP) cells, pancreatic peptide in response to protein meals.
• Secretin – Secreted by the (S) cells of the duodenum in response to meals, secretin stimulates the production of bicarbonate by the pancreas.
• Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide – secreted by endocrine cells or nerve endings, mild stimulant of bicarbonate from pancreas. A 28-amino acid polypeptide secreted by cells throughout the intestinal tract It stimulates the secretion of electrolytes and water by the intestinal mucosa. Capable of acting as neurotransmitter including a relaxation effect in some tissues. Gastrointestinal hormones such as motilin neuropeptide Y (which interacts with gherkin to regulate appetite) gastrin-releasing peptide (bombesin- like peptide) glucagon, and somatostatin may serve as neurotransmitter in the brain.
• Substance P – stimulates saliva production.
• Endorphins and Enkephalins – vagus nerve present. endorphins may release other endocrine cells in the digestive system.
• Bombesin – stimulates the release of gastrin and pancreatic enzymes.
• Prostaglandins – secretion of mucus and bicarbonate from the mucosa.

Osmolarity – The concentration of a solute particles in a liter of solution.

Vitamins: are organic and hold on to their chemical structure.

Minerals: are inorganic and hold on to their chemical structure. That means the mineral in the soil and water easily find their way into your body through the plants fish, animals, and fluids you consume.